Eyes On Equality and Opportunity
August 31, 2004
This year, on the second of July, I had the privilege of joining President Bush at a White House ceremony in which he led our Nation's observances of the 40th anniversary of one of the most sweeping and influential pieces of legislation in our history: the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This is the Act which, for the first time in U.S. history, addressed discrimination in voting, education, public accommodations, federal programs and employment. This is also the Act that established the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, which opened its doors exactly one year later. Thanks to this landmark piece of legislation, it became illegal under federal law to discriminate in employment on the bases of race, color, sex, national origin, and religion. Since that time, the Commission has played a pivotal and preeminent role in preventing and eradicating discrimination in the workplace. Passage of the Civil Rights Act was truly a historic feat, but one that did not come easily.
Documentation and Other Effective Ways to Avoid Liability for Discrimination
August 31, 2004
As Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (the primary federal discrimination law) celebrates its 40th anniversary, the method of proving a discrimination claim has greatly evolved. Virtually gone are the "smoking gun" statements using the "n-word," advertisements for applicants of a certain sex, or statements that individuals over a certain age aren't qualified to apply for a particular job. Although the world hasn't reached an era of perfection, blatant discriminatory expressions or policies are comparatively infrequent in modern discrimination litigation.
Constructive Discharges Resulting from Sexual Harassment
July 30, 2004
In one of its most important employment decisions on the subject of sexual harassment since its landmark decisions in <i>Burlington Industries, Inc. v. Ellerth</i> (524 U.S. 742, 141 L. Ed. 2d 633, 118 S. Ct. 2257 (1998)) and <i>Faragher v. Boca Raton</i> (524 U.S. 775, 808, 141 L. Ed. 2d 662, 118 S. Ct. 2275 (1998)), the Supreme Court, in <i>Pennsylvania State Police vs. Suders</i> (124 S. Ct. 2342, 159 L. Ed. 2d 204, 2004 U.S. LEXIS 4176 (2004)), addressed the issue of a constructive discharge resulting from sexual harassment.
To (b)(2) or Not to (b)(2)?
July 30, 2004
Is there a person alive who does not know that Wal-Mart Stores Inc. has been sued in a gigantic class action? On June 21, U.S. District Judge Martin J. Jenkins of the Northern District of California certified the largest employment discrimination class action in American history. <i>See Dukes v. Wal-mart Inc.</i>, No. C 01-02252 (N.D. Calif. 2004), 2004 U.S. Lexis 11365.
ADA Retaliation Claims
July 30, 2004
The United States Supreme Court has declined to review a Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals ruling that bars plaintiffs alleging retaliation claims under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) from seeking compensatory and punitive damages. <i>Kramer v. Banc of Am. Securities LLC</i>, U.S., No. 03-1451, cert. denied 6/21/04. Earlier this year, the Seventh Circuit was the first federal appellate court to conclude that the ADA does not provide plaintiffs the right to seek such damages in retaliation cases. <i>Kramer v. Banc of Am. Securities LLC</i>, 355 F.3d 961 (N.D. Ill. 2004).
Defining 'Spousal' Benefits
July 27, 2004
Recent moves by various cities, states, and municipalities to legalize or ban same-sex marriage have generated a flood of press, but little concrete advice as to the potential implications of these laws and related court rulings. The dearth of specific and actionable analysis of the implications of these shifts in the law places law firms, as well as most large enterprises, at a competitive disadvantage by forcing them to react as these laws change. This issue is an especially pressing one for large law firms with offices in many states because the definition of "spouse," and thus the availability of "spousal" benefits, may differ in diverse localities.
Goodridge Decision Spawns Action
July 21, 2004
Although the average American might feel that same-sex marriages in Massachusetts materialized overnight, activists who have worked on the issue say that the <i>Goodridge</i> decision by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court (SJC) in November 2003 was not a complete surprise. <i>Goodridge was</i> the result of a well-planned, long-term strategy by same-sex marriage proponents to bring the issue into the legal, cultural, and political mainstream.
