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Case Briefs
Louisiana Appellate Court Rejects 'All Sums'
In Norfolk Southern Corporation v. California Union Insurance Company, 2002-0369 c/w 2002-0371 c/w 2002-0372, (La. App. 1st Cir., 9/12/03) 2003 WL 22110450, ___ So.2d ___, cert. denied, Louisiana Supreme Court, Dec. 19, 2003, Norfolk Southern Corporation and certain affiliates (“Norfolk”) filed a declaratory judgment action against various members of Lloyd's of London and certain London Market Insurance Companies (collectively “London Insurers”) seeking coverage under several excess comprehensive general liability polices from 1969 to 1986 for the costs of environmental clean up at various sites throughout the United States including three sites in Louisiana. The environmental damages arose from long-term wood-preserving operations carried out at various Norfolk sites. The Louisiana First Circuit Court of Appeals made seven key holdings:
- In a long-term property damage suit attributable to numerous releases and discharges over extended periods of time, the “exposure theory” will be the applicable rule of trigger.
- The court expressly rejected the “all sums” theory of allocation and instead prorated losses across all policy periods and periods of self-insurance.
- The court deemed there to be a single “occurrence” in every policy period in which operations occurred.
- The policies did not provide coverage for damages that “occurred” prior to the inception of the policies.
- For any year in which the policyholder did not have insurance, the policyholder would be accountable for that year.
- A policyholder must meet self-insured retention (SIR) in every year.
- Groundwater is not owned by the landowner, and thus the “owned property exclusion” did not preclude coverage for the costs associated with remediating the groundwater.
The policy language provided that the London Insurers would indemnify Norfolk for the amounts Norfolk was legally liable to pay as damages due to “property damage … arising out of occurrences happening during the policy period.” The policies did not require the “property damage” to take place during the policy period; however, the court found that the unambiguous language of the policies clearly required the “occurrence” to have taken place during the policy period.
The DOJ's Corporate Enforcement Policy: One Year Later
The DOJ's Criminal Division issued three declinations since the issuance of the revised CEP a year ago. Review of these cases gives insight into DOJ's implementation of the new policy in practice.
Use of Deferred Prosecution Agreements In White Collar Investigations
This article discusses the practical and policy reasons for the use of DPAs and NPAs in white-collar criminal investigations, and considers the NDAA's new reporting provision and its relationship with other efforts to enhance transparency in DOJ decision-making.
How AI Has Affected PR
When we consider how the use of AI affects legal PR and communications, we have to look at it as an industrywide global phenomenon. A recent online conference provided an overview of the latest AI trends in public relations, and specifically, the impact of AI on communications. Here are some of the key points and takeaways from several of the speakers, who provided current best practices, tips, concerns and case studies.
The DOJ's New Parameters for Evaluating Corporate Compliance Programs
The parameters set forth in the DOJ's memorandum have implications not only for the government's evaluation of compliance programs in the context of criminal charging decisions, but also for how defense counsel structure their conference-room advocacy seeking declinations or lesser sanctions in both criminal and civil investigations.