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Beating True Lease Challenges: A Lessor's Guide to Structuring and Defending True Leases
Lessees increasingly challenge leases in bankruptcy proceedings or disputes with lessors. They assert and litigate the issue of whether a lease constitutes a disguised security arrangement instead of a true lease. This issue arises with respect to leases of equipment as well as software. The consequence of losing true lease status under state law can dramatically affect a lessor's legal rights and remedies and impair a lessor's economics. Despite this increased uncertainty, lessors can effectively structure and defend their lease transactions as true leases when armed with working knowledge of current judicial trends and applicable rules under the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC).
Courts have exhaustively analyzed the true lease issues over the past 20 years and have created a confusing and complex array of inconsistent decisions. The analysis of true lease challenges often starts with Section 1-201(37) of the UCC. In general, Section 1-201(37) establishes a “per se” or “bright-line” test of whether a transaction should be treated as a true lease or disguised security agreement. Current case law also includes an additional “economic realities” test that evaluates the facts of each transaction to determine objectively whether the transaction is a lease or disguised security interest.
The DOJ's Corporate Enforcement Policy: One Year Later
The DOJ's Criminal Division issued three declinations since the issuance of the revised CEP a year ago. Review of these cases gives insight into DOJ's implementation of the new policy in practice.
Use of Deferred Prosecution Agreements In White Collar Investigations
This article discusses the practical and policy reasons for the use of DPAs and NPAs in white-collar criminal investigations, and considers the NDAA's new reporting provision and its relationship with other efforts to enhance transparency in DOJ decision-making.
The DOJ's New Parameters for Evaluating Corporate Compliance Programs
The parameters set forth in the DOJ's memorandum have implications not only for the government's evaluation of compliance programs in the context of criminal charging decisions, but also for how defense counsel structure their conference-room advocacy seeking declinations or lesser sanctions in both criminal and civil investigations.
Compliance Officers: Recent Regulatory Guidance and Enforcement Actions and Mitigating the Risk of Personal Liability
This article explores legal developments over the past year that may impact compliance officer personal liability.
Bankruptcy Sales: Finding a Diamond In the Rough
There is no efficient market for the sale of bankruptcy assets. Inefficient markets yield a transactional drag, potentially dampening the ability of debtors and trustees to maximize value for creditors. This article identifies ways in which investors may more easily discover bankruptcy asset sales.