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Dealing with the SEC's 'Up-the-Ladder' Reporting Requirements
In a September 2004 speech, the Director of the Securities and Exchange Commission's Division of Enforcement stated that the SEC has named lawyers as respondents or defendants in more than 30 enforcement actions in the past 2 years. These actions are consistent with the SEC's view that one of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act's primary themes is the significance of “gatekeepers,” such as auditors, lawyers, research analysts, and boards of directors, in maintaining fair and honest markets. Under this view, a lawyer, as gatekeeper, is, as SEC Commissioner Harvey Goldschmid put it, “a guardian with independent professional responsibilities, including a responsibility for protecting the institution,” rather than simply the management team that hired him or her.
The provision of Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) that sets out this gatekeeper role for lawyers, Section 307, requires that lawyers report “up the ladder” (that is, to senior management and, ultimately, to the audit committee or the full board of directors) evidence of certain violations of the securities laws and breaches of fiduciary duties. While the SEC's rules implementing Section 307 became effective in August 2003, there remains much ambiguity in how the SEC plans to enforce them.
Two recent actions by the SEC provide contrasting examples of how attorneys have dealt with up-the-ladder reporting. In the first, the SEC took action against a company's general counsel for failing to report to the company's audit committee and outside auditors, in a timely manner, evidence of material fraud in the company's reported financial results. In the second action, the SEC stated that an outside law firm that had reported evidence of a material securities law violation up the ladder to its client's board of directors had acted consistently with the Section 307 rules.
Major Differences In UK, U.S. Copyright Laws
This article highlights how copyright law in the United Kingdom differs from U.S. copyright law, and points out differences that may be crucial to entertainment and media businesses familiar with U.S law that are interested in operating in the United Kingdom or under UK law. The article also briefly addresses contrasts in UK and U.S. trademark law.
The Article 8 Opt In
The Article 8 opt-in election adds an additional layer of complexity to the already labyrinthine rules governing perfection of security interests under the UCC. A lender that is unaware of the nuances created by the opt in (may find its security interest vulnerable to being primed by another party that has taken steps to perfect in a superior manner under the circumstances.
Strategy vs. Tactics: Two Sides of a Difficult Coin
With each successive large-scale cyber attack, it is slowly becoming clear that ransomware attacks are targeting the critical infrastructure of the most powerful country on the planet. Understanding the strategy, and tactics of our opponents, as well as the strategy and the tactics we implement as a response are vital to victory.
Legal Possession: What Does It Mean?
Possession of real property is a matter of physical fact. Having the right or legal entitlement to possession is not "possession," possession is "the fact of having or holding property in one's power." That power means having physical dominion and control over the property.
The Anti-Assignment Override Provisions
UCC Sections 9406(d) and 9408(a) are one of the most powerful, yet least understood, sections of the Uniform Commercial Code. On their face, they appear to override anti-assignment provisions in agreements that would limit the grant of a security interest. But do these sections really work?