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Supreme Court Gives the Defense a Boost in Plea Bargaining

BY Irvin B. Nathan
February 24, 2005

The Supreme Court's Jan.12 decision in U.S. v. Booker, which made the federal Sentencing Guidelines advisory rather than mandatory, is likely to: 1) prove modest in its impact on sentences in the short run; 2) alter a bit the balance of power among prosecutors, defense attorneys and judges; and 3) spur Congress to make federal sentencing even more Draconian than it was for 2 decades under the mandatory Guidelines.

About the Decision

The decision, of questionable logic, is in two parts, with significantly different majorities answering the two questions presented. First, a 5-4 opinion by Justice Stevens held that disputed facts leading to enhanced sentences must be found by a jury beyond a reasonable doubt. (Under the Guidelines, such facts were found by the sentencing judge upon a preponderance of the evidence.) Second, the four dissenters to that proposition, joined by Justice Ginsberg, held in an opinion by Justice Breyer that the cure to the Constitutional defect perceived by the Stevens majority was to strike two provisions of the statute implementing the Guidelines. The excisions — 18 U.S.C. ' 3553(b)(1) and 18 U.S.C. ' 3742(e) — made the Guidelines advisory rather than mandatory and limited appellate review of sentences. Now, the courts of appeal no longer can substitute their own Guidelines calculation for the district courts'. Instead, they can reverse a sentence only if it's unreasonable in light of the purposes set forth in the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984.

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