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Native File Review: Simplifying Electronic Discovery?
To read some accounts, the review of “native” files is the Holy Grail in electronic discovery. As the story goes, the ability to review documents in their original format will provide perfect insight into the treasure trove of discoverable information. To read others, reviewing in native formats is the road to ruin, the tipping point to calamity. Perhaps, somewhere between these extremes lies the truth. Demystifying this notion, electronic discovery, using files in their native format, has some drawbacks and some advantages. In the end it's an understanding of these pros and cons that may permit the savvy litigator to gain a true advantage.
No Set Format Rules
As a matter of practice, it is clear that the term “document” as it relates to electronic files is broadly interpreted. “Documents” can refer to files, e-mails, instant messages, data on backup tapes, metadata, calendar items, notes and even data fragments or deleted files that can only be recovered using forensics tools. Currently, there is very little light that has been shed by the small body of case law that discusses how electronic files must be produced in discovery. There are basically two options. One course of action holds that electronic documents must be produced in a format that is “searchable,” which can be achieved with a number of digital file types, including the most widely used image-based formats. The other option is to produce files as they are kept in the “usual course of business,” which is often interpreted to obliquely refer to the “native” format.
Major Differences In UK, U.S. Copyright Laws
This article highlights how copyright law in the United Kingdom differs from U.S. copyright law, and points out differences that may be crucial to entertainment and media businesses familiar with U.S law that are interested in operating in the United Kingdom or under UK law. The article also briefly addresses contrasts in UK and U.S. trademark law.
The Article 8 Opt In
The Article 8 opt-in election adds an additional layer of complexity to the already labyrinthine rules governing perfection of security interests under the UCC. A lender that is unaware of the nuances created by the opt in (may find its security interest vulnerable to being primed by another party that has taken steps to perfect in a superior manner under the circumstances.
Strategy vs. Tactics: Two Sides of a Difficult Coin
With each successive large-scale cyber attack, it is slowly becoming clear that ransomware attacks are targeting the critical infrastructure of the most powerful country on the planet. Understanding the strategy, and tactics of our opponents, as well as the strategy and the tactics we implement as a response are vital to victory.
Legal Possession: What Does It Mean?
Possession of real property is a matter of physical fact. Having the right or legal entitlement to possession is not "possession," possession is "the fact of having or holding property in one's power." That power means having physical dominion and control over the property.
The Anti-Assignment Override Provisions
UCC Sections 9406(d) and 9408(a) are one of the most powerful, yet least understood, sections of the Uniform Commercial Code. On their face, they appear to override anti-assignment provisions in agreements that would limit the grant of a security interest. But do these sections really work?