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Is an Insurer Obligated to Defend the Prosecution of Affirmative Claims on Behalf of Its Insured?

By Anne E. Briard and Seth A. Schmeeckle
April 29, 2009

The typical commercial general liability (“CGL”) policy requires insurers “to defend any suit against the insured seeking damages on account of ' bodily injury or property damage to which this insurance applies.” This plain, unambiguous language restricts the insurer's duty to defend suits for damages “against” the insured. Courts undertaking a thorough review of the policy language consistently rule that an insurer has no duty to defend an insured's affirmative claims (e.g., counterclaims, cross-claims, or third-party demands). Nevertheless, over the past two decades, some courts have abdicated their judicial obligation to enforce this plain, unambiguous policy language.

Instead, some jurisdictions apply a manufactured legal analysis of whether the insured's affirmative claims are “intertwined with” and “necessary to” the insured's defense. If they are, then the courts hold the insurer responsible for the costs associated with the affirmative claims. This test is unsupported by any policy language. Also, as discussed below, this test produces wildly varying results, leaving both the policyholder and insurer in an unpredictable forum. Parties to a contract are better served if the courts base their rulings on the unambiguous policy language, thereby eliminating unexpected results for both parties.

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