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Statistical Lessons of Ricci

By Jonathan Falk
August 25, 2009

The Supreme Court's decision in Ricci v. De Stefano has already garnered a great deal of attention from lawyers, political pundits, and Supreme Court watchers. While the statistical issues got almost no attention in the decision from either side, there are important statistical currents in Ricci ' as there are in any disparate impact case ' that are worthy of further attention. This two-part article focuses on three issues: 1) What do statisticians really have to say about disparate impact? 2) How might statistical analysis have played out in Ricci? and 3) Going forward, what role do statisticians have to play in the new standard (i.e., strong basis in evidence)?

To frame the discussion, it will help to lay out a few facts about the case. The City of New Haven, CT, hired a company to develop a promotional test for firefighters that would accomplish two objectives: test only skills relevant for promotion and, subject to that, minimize potential disparate impact of the results. It should be noted that under the precedent provided in Griggs v. Duke Power, 401 U.S. 424 (1971), any procedure that accomplishes the first task has a safe harbor against allegations of disparate impact, albeit a safe harbor that might well have been challenged in court on the facts.

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