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Insider Trading: It's Not Just for Suits

By Joel M. Cohen and Mary Kay Dunning
November 26, 2010

On Sept. 30, 2010, the SEC brought an insider trading case against two railroad employees and their relatives, alleging that the defendants reaped more than $1 million in illegal gains by trading on nonpublic information about the planned takeover of the railroad company. SEC v. Steffes, No. 01 Civ. 06266 (N.D. Ill. Sept. 30, 2010). The SEC alleges that the employees traded and tipped on observations made on the job, including seeing people in suits tour the rail yards, hearing coworkers discuss the possible sale of their company, and being asked to prepare asset valuations. Critics complain this is an unfair case of Goliath versus David, where the SEC is going after low-level employees who turned a hunch about the sale of their company into a profit.

The Steffes complaint reminds us that the prohibition on insider trading applies to everyone, not just to hedge-fund managers and financiers. The securities laws forbid any transacting party ' rich or poor, sophisticated or unsophisticated ' with an illegal informational advantage over an unknowing counterparty from making a profit by exploiting that counterparty's ignorance. The rub is the word “illegal,” as trading on nonpublic information does not necessarily violate the law. This informational advantage often arises where an employee (at any level) learns something through his employment that he is duty-bound to protect. Setting aside the highly fact-specific question of whether information is material ' which the SEC will have to prove in the Steffes case ' the baseline of any insider trading inquiry is whether one who trades on or is tipped about alleged material nonpublic information owes a fiduciary duty to the source of the information to keep it confidential.

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