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Changing the Game

BY Joseph F. Savage Jr.
February 27, 2012

Last month, we looked at the recent case of Global-Tech Appliances, Inc. v. SEB S.A., 131 S. Ct. 2060 (2011), where the Supreme Court endorsed ' and defined ' the concept of “willful blindness” for the first time. There, the Court explained that legal culpability could be shown through a defendant's “willful blindness” to wrongdoing only if he or she: 1) “subjectively believe[d] that there is a high probability that a fact exists”; and 2) “t[ook] deliberate actions to avoid learning of that fact.” 131 S. Ct. 2060, 2070 (2011). The Court's “clarification” of this doctrine, although given in the context of a civil patent dispute, promises to have immediate effects on criminal prosecutions, both for individual and corporate defendants.

Willful Blindness After Global-Tech

As an initial matter, it is patent that, following Global-Tech, the law on willful blindness in most circuits ' at least as reflected in pattern jury instructions ' must change. The Eleventh Circuit's pattern instruction, for example, states “it's enough that the Defendant was aware of a high probability that the fact existed ' unless the Defendant actually believed the fact didn't exist. ' [However,] negligence, carelessness, or foolishness isn't enough to prove that the Defendant knew about the [fact].” This instruction is now plainly inadequate in that it does not preclude recklessness as a basis for finding knowledge and intent, nor does it require any deliberate action ' i.e., “active efforts” ' by a defendant. The pattern jury instructions of, at least, the First, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth Circuits are also flawed.

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