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The IP Exclusion: The Elephant in the Room

BY Martin Myers
August 30, 2012

So-called Intellectual Property (“IP”) exclusions in commercial general liability (“GL”) insurance policies have received relatively little attention from the courts. However, the ubiquity of new advertising technologies, recent appellate decisions confirming GL “personal and advertising injury” coverage for patent claims, and new claims that policyholders are facing for alleged electronic invasions of privacy may well turn the IP exclusion into the proverbial “elephant in the room.” Many courts have found GL coverage for a broad variety of IP claims. Even though a recent California Court of Appeal decision found that a form of IP exclusion barred coverage for certain “infringement of likeness” claims under a GL policy, that decision confirms that IP exclusions must be narrowly construed, are highly dependent on specific wording used, and will not routinely bar coverage in a broad variety of cases that insurance companies will argue are focused on or arise from IP claims. In other words, the denial of claims based upon the IP exclusion can be successfully challenged.

Advertising Injury Claims

Courts routinely have held that classic IP claims that involve the infringement or misappropriation of an advertisement, an “advertising idea” or technology involving advertising can trigger coverage under standard GL policy forms. Trademark and trade dress claims, primarily under the Lanham Act, have been perhaps the most heavily litigated of advertising injury IP claims. Since the landmark 1990s decisions in cases such as Lebas Fashion Imports v. ITT Hartford Ins. Group, 50 Cal.App.4th 548 (1996), and J.A. Brundage Plumbing & Roto-Rooter, Inc. v. Massachusetts Bay Ins. Co., 818 F.Supp. 553 (W.D.N.Y. 1994), the vast majority of courts considering the issues have found coverage for trademark-related claims. After all, as many courts have noted, trademarks are “a species of advertising.” GL “advertising injury” coverage forms have continued to evolve and ostensibly to narrow, partially in response to court decisions finding coverage. A current form promulgated by the Insurance Services Office and licensed for use by many large insurers applies to “use of another's advertising idea in your advertisement,” and “infringing upon another's copyright, trade dress or slogan in your advertisement,” where “advertisement” is specifically defined, and includes web pages “about your goods, products or services for the purposes of attracting customers or supporters.”

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