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For many decades, U.S. institutional investors and large bond insurers have viewed the general obligation (GO) municipal bonds from rated investment grade municipalities as a much higher value investment vehicle than an illiquid municipal lease subject to annual appropriation. Have the recent large municipal bankruptcies and the increasing recognition of underfunded pension funds improved the attractiveness of the less liquid municipal lease? In the current climate, with cities like Stockton, CA, and Detroit, MI, causing concern for municipal investors, are the municipal lease and its annual appropriation risk are now more secure because of the fully assigned security in the municipality's essential equipment?
In the wake of the recession, unprecedented large U.S. city bankruptcies are emerging, under significantly different circumstances than previous municipal bankruptcies. The Great Recession put more declining revenue pressure on most municipal entities due to generally lower property tax revenue and a reduction in grants and revenue sharing from U.S. federal and state sources, which had been relatively stable or increasing for decades. On a national scale, the 10 worst housing markets saw declines of at least 55% from their peak (NBC News, Sept. 26, 2012).
The DOJ's Criminal Division issued three declinations since the issuance of the revised CEP a year ago. Review of these cases gives insight into DOJ's implementation of the new policy in practice.
This article discusses the practical and policy reasons for the use of DPAs and NPAs in white-collar criminal investigations, and considers the NDAA's new reporting provision and its relationship with other efforts to enhance transparency in DOJ decision-making.
When we consider how the use of AI affects legal PR and communications, we have to look at it as an industrywide global phenomenon. A recent online conference provided an overview of the latest AI trends in public relations, and specifically, the impact of AI on communications. Here are some of the key points and takeaways from several of the speakers, who provided current best practices, tips, concerns and case studies.
The parameters set forth in the DOJ's memorandum have implications not only for the government's evaluation of compliance programs in the context of criminal charging decisions, but also for how defense counsel structure their conference-room advocacy seeking declinations or lesser sanctions in both criminal and civil investigations.