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The Duty to Defend and the Affirmative Defense

By Jay P. Farmer and Seth A. Schmeeckle
April 01, 2016

Specific jurisdictional flourishes notwithstanding, the duty to defend analysis typically involves some form of the “eight corners rule,” whereby the four corners of the insurance policy are measured against the four corners of the complaint (and sometimes extrinsic evidence) in order to determine whether or not the claims set out in the complaint trigger the insurer's duty to defend. When the insured itself initiates a suit, it is not uncommon for the defendant to assert affirmative defenses against the insured's complaint. In such a context, courts must determine whether or not a responsive pleading ' taking the form of either a counterclaim or an affirmative defense ' can trigger the duty to defend in the same way that a traditional lawsuit does.

The majority rule is that while allegations contained within a counterclaim may trigger the duty to defend, an affirmative defense asserted in response to the insured's complaint cannot. Courts following this majority rule apply the plain language of the insuring agreement and require that a “suit” for damages be filed against the policyholder. California appears to be the lone jurisdiction that will consider affirmative defenses in analyzing an insurer's duty to defend.

P.J.P. Mechanical Corporation v. Commerce and Industry Insurance Company

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