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The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA) has historically allowed prosecutors to charge corporate employees with misdemeanors without having to prove personal participation or wrongful intent. But, as the use of the statute has become more frequent and penalties have gotten more severe, the constitutionality of such an application of the FDCA has come under heightened scrutiny. Until recently, the typical FDCA case has involved an executive who pleaded guilty to one or more misdemeanors in the face of Department of Justice (DOJ) allegations of felony misconduct. These negotiated resolutions did not raise the same due process concerns posed by cases today, where defendants are facing these charges at trial and challenging the constitutionality of their sentences. Until the Supreme Court clarifies the bounds of the FDCA, district courts will struggle with identifying the necessary elements of individual criminal liability.
Courts Disagree
Recent cases in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit (where two executives were sentenced to imprisonment) and the District of Massachusetts (where two executives are awaiting sentencing) highlight courts' conflicting analyses.
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This article highlights how copyright law in the United Kingdom differs from U.S. copyright law, and points out differences that may be crucial to entertainment and media businesses familiar with U.S law that are interested in operating in the United Kingdom or under UK law. The article also briefly addresses contrasts in UK and U.S. trademark law.
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