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What Happens When Nondischargeable Student Loan Is Later Determined to Be Dischargeable?
One of the key aims of the bankruptcy process is affording debtors a "fresh start" by granting them a discharge of their debts, However, the Bankruptcy Code has excepted certain debts that are incapable of being discharged as a matter of right, including, without limitation, certain "qualifying" loans used to fund a debtor's education. For a debtor to be able to receive a discharge of such loans, the debtor must file a lawsuit and obtain a judgment determining their dischargeability.
In the case of In re Irigoyen, the U.S. Bankruptcy appellate panel for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit addressed a matter of first impression associated with this process: namely, the issue of what happens when a debt that may be considered nondischargeable is later determined to be dischargeable, and more importantly, whether efforts to collect such a debt be exempt from penalties for violating the discharge injunction.
Facts and Procedural History
In this case, Reanna Leigh Irigoyen, the debtor in this case, borrowed funds to finance her education from a traditional student lender. The debtor disputed certain amounts with respect to this loan and commenced litigation in connection with the same. In order to finance that litigation, the debtor obtained a separate loan from 1600 West Investments LLC, a for-profit lender. That loan was later assigned to White Knight Funding LLC (White Knight, and together with 1600 West, the lenders).
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Major Differences In UK, U.S. Copyright Laws
This article highlights how copyright law in the United Kingdom differs from U.S. copyright law, and points out differences that may be crucial to entertainment and media businesses familiar with U.S law that are interested in operating in the United Kingdom or under UK law. The article also briefly addresses contrasts in UK and U.S. trademark law.
The Article 8 Opt In
The Article 8 opt-in election adds an additional layer of complexity to the already labyrinthine rules governing perfection of security interests under the UCC. A lender that is unaware of the nuances created by the opt in (may find its security interest vulnerable to being primed by another party that has taken steps to perfect in a superior manner under the circumstances.
Strategy vs. Tactics: Two Sides of a Difficult Coin
With each successive large-scale cyber attack, it is slowly becoming clear that ransomware attacks are targeting the critical infrastructure of the most powerful country on the planet. Understanding the strategy, and tactics of our opponents, as well as the strategy and the tactics we implement as a response are vital to victory.
Legal Possession: What Does It Mean?
Possession of real property is a matter of physical fact. Having the right or legal entitlement to possession is not "possession," possession is "the fact of having or holding property in one's power." That power means having physical dominion and control over the property.
The Anti-Assignment Override Provisions
UCC Sections 9406(d) and 9408(a) are one of the most powerful, yet least understood, sections of the Uniform Commercial Code. On their face, they appear to override anti-assignment provisions in agreements that would limit the grant of a security interest. But do these sections really work?