In last month's issue, we discussed the fact that the New York high court upheld a law requiring health plans to offer birth control. We discussed how non-believers are affected, and outlined defence to legislature. This month's article concludes the discussion.

Before the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) issued its recent decisions in the Kentucky River cases, union leaders and activists predicted dire consequences ' potentially stripping millions of workers, especially in the healthcare industry, of their rights to join a union. Unions, which are trying to attract more employees to their ranks, staged rallies and other events to draw attention to these cases. But the decisions did not dramatically redraw the lines for determining which workers are considered supervisors and which are not. Instead, they provided guidance that will be helpful to employers and unions alike in determining the status of workers whose classification falls into the gray area between supervisor and employee. The analysis remains highly fact-specific and appears unlikely to create the dramatic effects predicted.

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As headlines continue to report data security breaches at an alarming rate, discussion often focuses on the need for enhanced technical controls, such as two-factor authentication and encryption, to protect sensitive, personally identifiable information. The role of the company employee, both as the cause of, and the first line of defense against, security breaches is often lost in the analysis. Yet developing law is increasingly requiring administrative or procedural controls, particularly those directed at employees, as a component of a legally compliant security program.

As goes New York, so goes the nation? Last month, the New York Court of Appeals upheld the constitutionality of a women's health act that pressures some religious-affiliated employers to either offer their employees a prescription plan that includes contraceptive coverage, or deny their workers any drug coverage at all.

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As defined by the ADA, a qualifying disability is 'a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities of such individual.' 42 U.S.C. 12102(2)(B), (C). The ADA regulations define disabilities broadly, including a specific reference to 'neurological systems, mental or psychological disorders.' (29 C.F.R ' 1630.2 (h).) Because the ADA only provides such general guidance, litigation continues to arise as parties try to refine the concepts presented in the Act, such as whether a mental disorder is a qualifying impairment, whether an employee with a qualifying mental illness can perform essential job functions, and how the limitation of a major life activity caused by a qualifying mental illness can be reasonably accommodated in the workplace.

Negligent hiring cases typically turn on whether a background check that was forgone would have helped to reveal an employee's propensity to erupt in violence or commit fraud. But a new burden of proof may be on the horizon.

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With the ever-increasing costs of litigation, litigants often take steps to try and control these expenditures. Settling cases early, while not always an attractive option, is nonetheless one way to control these costs. Limiting recovery of attorneys' fees is obviously an approach that may lead to a settlement. Along these lines, defendants, particularly in civil rights cases, have turned to the 'offer of judgment' provision set forth in Rule 68 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

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The federal tax code targets small businesses with a social conscience in an effort to encourage compliance with federal disabilities rights laws. There are tax credits and deductions that promote the employment of, and accessibility for, disabled persons. It is through these tax incentives that small businesses are permitted to defray certain costs associated with: 1) the employment of persons with disabilities; and 2) the provision of accessibility to public accommodations for persons with disabilities. Irrespective of whether a small business is an independent business, a distributorship, or part of a franchise system, it cannot afford to ignore the tangible social and economic benefits these tax incentives provide.